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Less common causes include snake bites, frostbite, and burns. [1] There are two main types: acute (rapid onset) and chronic (slow onset). [1] Diagnosis is typically based on blood tests. [2] Findings may include low platelets, low fibrinogen, high INR, or high D-dimer. [2] Treatment is mainly directed towards the underlying condition.
D-dimer levels are used as a predictive biomarker for the blood disorder disseminated intravascular coagulation and in the coagulation disorders associated with COVID-19 infection. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] A four-fold increase in the protein is an indicator of poor prognosis in people hospitalized with COVID-19 .
Principles of D-dimer testing. Fibrin degradation products (FDPs), also known as fibrin split products, are components of the blood produced by clot degeneration. [1] Clotting, also called coagulation, at the wound site produces a mass of fibrin threads called a net that remains in place until the cut is healed. As a cut heals, the clotting ...
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a substance that has moved from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (). [6] Symptoms of a PE may include shortness of breath, chest pain particularly upon breathing in, and coughing up blood. [1]
It is the most common bacterial pneumonia found in adults, the most common type of community-acquired pneumonia, and one of the common types of pneumococcal infection. The estimated number of Americans with pneumococcal pneumonia is 900,000 annually, with almost 400,000 cases hospitalized and fatalities accounting for 5-7% of these cases.
Pneumococcal infection is an infection caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. [ 1 ] S. pneumoniae is a common member of the bacterial flora colonizing the nose and throat of 5–10% of healthy adults and 20–40% of healthy children. [ 2 ]
Sepsis - A life-threatening reaction to infection. A common cause of sepsis is bacterial pneumonia, frequently the result of infection with streptococcus pneumoniae. Patients with sepsis require intensive care with blood pressure monitoring and support against hypotension. Sepsis can cause liver, kidney and heart damage.
The acute-phase reaction characteristically involves fever, acceleration of peripheral leukocytes, circulating neutrophils and their precursors. [1] The terms acute-phase protein and acute-phase reactant (APR) are often used synonymously, although some APRs are (strictly speaking) polypeptides rather than proteins.