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With a conventional chemical propulsion system, 2% of a rocket's total mass might make it to the destination, with the other 98% having been consumed as fuel. With an electric propulsion system, 70% of what's aboard in low Earth orbit can make it to a deep-space destination. [24] However, there is a trade-off.
The SPS-40 Propulsion System, designed for satellites up to 1000 kg, and consists of ST-40 Hall-effect Thruster(s), Xenon storage and feed system, Power Processing Unit. The SPS-40 Propulsion System is designed for a power consumption of 300-500 W and can provide a total impulse of up to 350 kN∙s.
A thruster is a spacecraft propulsion device used for orbital station-keeping, attitude control, or long-duration, low-thrust acceleration, often as part of a reaction control system.
Experimental military satellite, Electric Propulsion Space Experiment: Orion 3: 5 May 1999: Ion engine: XIPS: Xenon: Orion Network Systems: Hughes-EDD: Satellite bus based on Hughes HS-601HP; injected into wrong orbit Astra 1H: 18 Jun 1999: Ion engine: XIPS: Xenon: SES: Hughes-EDD: Satellite bus based on Hughes HS-601HP Yamal 101: 6 Sep 1999 ...
The principles of flight dynamics are used to model a vehicle's powered flight during launch from the Earth; a spacecraft's orbital flight; maneuvers to change orbit; translunar and interplanetary flight; launch from and landing on a celestial body, with or without an atmosphere; entry through the atmosphere of the Earth or other celestial body ...
In spaceflight, an orbital maneuver (otherwise known as a burn) is the use of propulsion systems to change the orbit of a spacecraft. For spacecraft far from Earth, an orbital maneuver is called a deep-space maneuver (DSM). [1] When a spacecraft is not conducting a maneuver, especially in a transfer orbit, it is said to be coasting.
Due to limited electric power the thrust is much weaker compared to chemical rockets, but electric propulsion can provide thrust for a longer time. [2] Electric propulsion was first demonstrated in the 1960s and is now a mature and widely used technology on spacecraft. American and Russian satellites have used electric propulsion for decades. [3]
Orbiting satellites can be exposed to a consistently high degree of solar radiation, generally for 24 hours per day, whereas earth surface solar panels currently collect power for an average of 29% of the day. [45] Power could be relatively quickly redirected directly to areas that need it most.