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They include diverse taxa, e.g. brush-footed butterflies such as Cirrochroa emalea of the Nymphalinae or the tawny rajah (Charaxes bernardus) of the Charaxinae, as well as gossamer-winged butterflies like Curetis tagalica of the Curetinae or the common imperial (Cheritra freja) of the Theclinae. [6] Carrion-feeding has evolved independently in ...
] During the night, the butterflies digest pollen since optimal nutritional resources are obtained while resting or sleeping. [17] Pollen feeding is correlated with higher overall fitness. Individuals that feed on pollen live longer than those that feed only on nectar or sugar water.
Thecosomata beat their wing-like parapodia to "fly" through the water. [8] [9] When descending to deeper water, they hold their wings up. They migrate vertically from day to night, so the community structure changes on a 24 hour cycle; during the day many organisms take refuge at water depths in excess of 100 m. [7]
Puddling" is a behavior generally done by male butterflies in which they gather to drink nutrients and water and incorporating a puddling ground for butterflies will enhance a butterfly garden. [8] [9] While butterflies are not the only pollinators, creating butterfly habitat also creates habitat for bees, beetles, flies, and other pollinators. [7]
They remain in warm water only long enough to obtain food, and then return to cooler areas where their metabolism can operate more slowly. [31] [32] [33] Alternatively, organisms feeding on the bottom in cold water during the day may migrate to surface waters at night in order to digest their meal at warmer temperatures. [34]
Recent research suggests that krill do not simply drift passively in these currents but actually modify them. [117] Krill typically follow a diurnal vertical migration. By moving vertically through the ocean on a 12-hour cycle, the swarms play a major part in mixing deeper, nutrient-rich water with nutrient-poor water at the surface. [117]
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An Australian painted lady feeding on a flowering shrub. Butterflies feed primarily on nectar from flowers. Some also derive nourishment from pollen, [63] tree sap, rotting fruit, dung, decaying flesh, and dissolved minerals in wet sand or dirt. Butterflies are important as pollinators for some species of plants.