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A graph showing variation of quantum efficiency with wavelength of a CCD chip from Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2, formerly installed on the Hubble Space Telescope.. The term quantum efficiency (QE) may apply to incident photon to converted electron (IPCE) ratio [1] of a photosensitive device, or it may refer to the TMR effect of a magnetic tunnel junction.
Quantum ESPRESSO (Quantum Open-Source Package for Research in Electronic Structure, Simulation, and Optimization; QE) [2] [3] is a suite for first-principles electronic-structure calculations and materials modeling, distributed for free and as free software under the GNU General Public License.
The DQE is generally expressed in terms of Fourier-based spatial frequencies as: [10] = = ()where u is the spatial frequency variable in cycles per millimeter, q is the density of incident x-ray quanta in quanta per square millimeter, G is the system gain relating q to the output signal for a linear and offset-corrected detector, T(u) is the system modulation transfer function, and W(u) is the ...
To calculate the probability of any interactive process between electrons and photons, it is a matter of first noting, with Feynman diagrams, all the possible ways in which the process can be constructed from the three basic elements. Each diagram involves some calculation involving definite rules to find the associated probability amplitude.
The field of circuit QED is a prominent example for quantum information processing and a promising candidate for future quantum computation. [ 2 ] In the late 2010s decade, experiments involving cQED in 3 dimensions have demonstrated deterministic gate teleportation and other operations on multiple qubits .
The probability distribution function (PDF) represents the distribution of values in and can be denoted as (). The maximum magnitude value of any is denoted by . As SQNR, like SNR, is a ratio of signal power to some noise power, it can be calculated as:
In continuum mechanics, the Péclet number (Pe, after Jean Claude Eugène Péclet) is a class of dimensionless numbers relevant in the study of transport phenomena in a continuum. It is defined to be the ratio of the rate of advection of a physical quantity by the flow to the rate of diffusion of the same quantity driven by an appropriate gradient.
All quantities are in Gaussian units except energy and temperature which are in electronvolts.For the sake of simplicity, a single ionic species is assumed. The ion mass is expressed in units of the proton mass, = / and the ion charge in units of the elementary charge, = / (in the case of a fully ionized atom, equals to the respective atomic number).