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Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), theorized in the 1970s, occurs when a pregnant woman uses cocaine including crack cocaine and thereby exposes her fetus to the drug.Babies whose mothers used cocaine while pregnant supposedly have increased risk of several different health issues during growth and development and are colloquially known as crack babies.
Women should speak to their doctor or healthcare professional before starting or stopping any medications while pregnant. [1] Drugs taken in pregnancy including over-the counter-medications, prescription medications, nutritional supplements, recreational drugs, and illicit drugs may cause harm to the mother or the unborn child.
The only reliable treatment of CIMDL is cessation of cocaine abuse, which is considered a necessary prerequisite for surgical reconstruction. If abstention can be achieved, reconstructive surgery, prosthetics and medical therapy can achieve satisfactory results.
Cocaine's desired euphoric effects are delayed when snorted through the nose by about five minutes. This occurs because cocaine's absorption is slowed by its constricting effect on the blood vessels of the nose. [12] Insufflation of cocaine also leads to the longest duration of its effects (60–90 minutes). [12]
Two grams of crack cocaine. Crack cocaine, commonly known simply as crack, and also known as rock, is a free base form of the stimulant cocaine that can be smoked. Crack offers a short, intense high to smokers. The Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment calls it the most addictive form of cocaine. [1]
Cocaine exposure effects visual and motor skills, attention, and memory. Marijuana has been shown to have adverse effects on deep problem solving skills and visual memory. Nicotine exposure has shown poor reading abilities, alcohol showed a decreased use of language, and language delays for cocaine.
These effects may include cognitive and behavioral problems, as well as an increased risk of substance use disorders later in life. Current guidelines recommend that opioid use disorder in pregnancy be treated with opioid agonist pharmacotherapy consisting of methadone or buprenorphine to substitute for the drug of abuse.
Co-occurring psychiatric disorders are more common among women than men who abuse substances; women more frequently use substances to reduce the negative effects of these co-occurring disorders. Substance abuse puts both men and women at higher risk for perpetration and victimization of sexual violence. [108]