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Iconic memory is the visual sensory memory register pertaining to the visual domain and a fast-decaying store of visual information. It is a component of the visual memory system which also includes visual short-term memory [ 1 ] (VSTM) and long-term memory (LTM).
The term flashbulb memory was coined by Roger Brown and James Kulik in 1977. [2] They formed the special-mechanism hypothesis, which argues for the existence of a special biological memory mechanism that, when triggered by an event exceeding critical levels of surprise and consequentiality, creates a permanent record of the details and circumstances surrounding the experience. [2]
Most people showing amazing memory abilities use mnemonic strategies, mostly the method of loci. This includes all winners of the annual World Memory Championships and most of the known scientific cases of excellent memories, like Solomon Shereshevsky. Regardless, the following list contains people who have claimed photographic memory. [4]
The first studies of echoic memory came shortly after Sperling investigated iconic memory using an adapted partial report paradigm. [13] Today, characteristics of echoic memory have been found mainly using a mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm which utilizes EEG and MEG recordings. [14]
In 1956, he went on to receive an M.A. degree in psychology from Columbia University. [3] [1] His passion for physiological psychology began accidentally in university and caused him to pursue a career in cognitive psychology. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1959, and his thesis paper was focused on short-term memory. [4]
Iconic memory is a fast decaying store of visual information, a type of sensory memory that briefly stores an image that has been perceived for a small duration. Echoic memory is a fast decaying store of auditory information, also a sensory memory that briefly stores sounds that have been perceived for short durations.
For example, the repetition of a series of numbers is a form of maintenance rehearsal. In contrast, elaborative or relational rehearsal is a process in which you relate new material to information already stored in Long-term memory. It's a deep form of processing information and involves thought of the object's meaning as well as making ...
As with iconic memory, echoic memory only holds superficial aspects of sound (e.g. pitch, tempo, or rhythm) and it has a nearly limitless capacity. [16] Echoic memory is generally cited as having a duration of between 1.5 and 5 seconds depending on context [16] [17] [18] but has been shown to last up to 20 seconds in the absence of competing ...