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Indifference curve for perfect complements. A perfect complement is a good that must be consumed with another good. The indifference curve of a perfect complement exhibits a right angle, as illustrated by the figure. [6] Such preferences can be represented by a Leontief utility function. Few goods behave as perfect complements. [6]
The consumer's demand is always to get the goods in constant ratios determined by the weights, i.e. the consumer demands a bundle (, …,) where is determined by the income: = / (+ +). [1] Since the Marshallian demand function of every good is increasing in income, all goods are normal goods .
If products A and B are complements, an increase in the price of B leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded for A, as A is used in conjunction with B. [2] Equivalently, if the price of product B decreases, the demand curve for product A shifts to the right reflecting an increase in A's demand, resulting in a negative value for the cross ...
Perfect substitutes have a linear utility function and a constant marginal rate of substitution, see figure 3. [7] If goods X and Y are perfect substitutes, any different consumption bundle will result in the consumer obtaining the same utility level for all the points on the indifference curve (utility function). [8]
With respect to related goods, when the price of a good (e.g. a hamburger) rises, the demand curve for substitute goods (e.g. chicken) shifts out, while the demand curve for complementary goods (e.g. ketchup) shifts in (i.e. there is more demand for substitute goods as they become more attractive in terms of value for money, while demand for ...
If two goods are perfect complements then the indifference curves will be L-shaped. Examples of perfect complements include left shoes compared to right shoes: the consumer is no better off having several right shoes if she has only one left shoe - additional right shoes have zero marginal utility without more left shoes, so bundles of goods ...
Marshallian Demand curve Indirect utility Indifference curves Monotonicity Convexity Homothety Good type Example Leontief (,) hyperbolic: +? L-shapes: Weak: Weak: Yes: Perfect complements: Left and right shoes Cobb–Douglas
For a minimum function with goods that are perfect complements, the same steps cannot be taken to find the utility maximising bundle as it is a non differentiable function. Therefore, intuition must be used. The consumer will maximise their utility at the kink point in the highest indifference curve that intersects the budget line where x = y. [3]