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The temperature variation in the CMB temperature maps at higher multipoles, or ℓ ≥ 2, is considered to be the result of perturbations of the density in the early Universe, before the recombination epoch at a redshift of around z ⋍ 1100. Before recombination, the Universe consisted of a hot, dense plasma of electrons and baryons.
Immeasurably hot and dense, the state of the Planck epoch was succeeded by the grand unification epoch, ... The Planck temperature T P is 1.416 784 (16) ...
Planck was a space observatory operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2009 to 2013. It was an ambitious project that aimed to map the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at microwave and infrared frequencies, with high sensitivity and angular resolution. The mission was highly successful and substantially improved ...
The European Space Agency's Planck satellite has been gathering data since its launch in 2009, slowly building up a map of the cosmic microwave background radiation -- a distant remnant of the Big ...
On 21 March 2013, the European-led research team behind the Planck spacecraft released the mission's all-sky map of the cosmic microwave background. [34] [35] The map suggests the universe is slightly older than previously thought. According to the map, subtle fluctuations in temperature were imprinted on the deep sky when the cosmos was about ...
The initial hot, dense state is called the Planck epoch, ... and Planck maps of the ... the temperature was high enough to allow the formation of hadron–anti ...
Planck's law accurately describes black-body radiation. Shown here are a family of curves for different temperatures. The classical (black) curve diverges from observed intensity at high frequencies (short wavelengths). Formula in cgs units. In physics, Planck's law (also Planck radiation law[1]: 1305 ) describes the spectral density of ...
The polarization of the CMB, discovered in 2002 by DASI, [19] has been successfully predicted by the model: in the 2015 Planck data release, [20] there are seven observed peaks in the temperature (TT) power spectrum, six peaks in the temperature–polarization (TE) cross spectrum, and five peaks in the polarization (EE) spectrum. The six free ...