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The United States has a highly decentralized and fragmented system of law enforcement, with over 17,000 state and local law enforcement agencies. [132] These agencies include local police, county law enforcement (often in the form of a sheriff's office, or county police), state police and federal law enforcement agencies.
A police officer directing traffic after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. The Japanese government established a European-style civil police system in 1874, spearheaded by the efforts of statesman Kawaji Toshiyoshi, under the centralized control of the Police Bureau within the Home Ministry to put down internal disturbances and maintain order during the Meiji Restoration.
Polizia di Stato on duty in Piazza di Spagna, Rome, in 2007. The Polizia di Stato (State Police) is the civil national police of Italy. Along with patrolling, investigative and law enforcement duties, it patrols the Autostrade (Italy's Express Highway network), and oversees the security of railways, bridges, and waterways.
The Police of Russia (Russian: Полиция России, romanized: Politsiya Rossii) is the national law enforcement agency of Russia, operating under the Ministry of Internal Affairs from September 8, [O.S. 20] 1802.
Law enforcement and maintaining order are the two primary functions of Brazilian police units. In Brazilian Law, maintaining order is considered a preventive effort whereby police troopers patrol the streets to protect citizens and discourage criminal activity. Law enforcement consists of criminal investigation after an offence. [6]
The government's new administrative system delegated many powers to the regional level, but law enforcement outside major urban areas was organized at the state level. [1] Thus, the SPF was subdivided into state commands, which were organized according to the same divisions found in the national headquarters. [1]
A randomized controlled trial on the effect of community policing on individual attitudes towards the police found that positive contact with police—delivered via brief door-to-door non-enforcement community policing visits—substantially improved residents' attitudes toward police, including legitimacy and willingness to cooperate.
According to one definition: "Decentralization, or decentralizing governance, refers to the restructuring or reorganization of authority so that there is a system of co-responsibility between institutions of governance at the central, regional and local levels according to the principle of subsidiarity, thus increasing the overall quality and ...