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Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). Most water, including drinking water, has a neutral pH that exists between 6.5 and 8.5, but acid rain has a pH level lower than this and ranges from 4–5 on average. [1][2] The more acidic the acid rain ...
Water itself is a weak acid and a weak base, so its dissociation must be taken into account at high pH and low solute concentration (see amphoterism). It dissociates according to the equilibrium 2 H 2 O ⇌ H 3 O + (aq) + OH − (aq) with a dissociation constant, K w defined as = [+] []
pH in rivers is affected by the geology of the water source, atmospheric inputs and a range of other chemical contaminants. pH is only likely to become an issue on very poorly buffered upland rivers where atmospheric sulphur and nitrogen oxides may very significantly depress the pH as low as pH4 or in eutrophic alkaline rivers where ...
When dissolved in water, CO 2 acts as a weak acid that primarily affects carbonate chemistry. [6] Dissolved CO 2 increases the concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 −) and dissolved inorganic carbon (C T) as well as lowering pH levels. [6] Similar to oceans, freshwater bodies also absorb atmospheric CO 2, lowering the pH of the water. [7]
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. [2] Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels exceeding 422 ppm (as of 2024 ...
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water based on the standards of its usage. [ 1 ][ 2 ] It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through treatment of the water, can be assessed.
The bulk modulus of water is about 2.2 GPa. [43] The low compressibility of non-gasses, and of water in particular, leads to their often being assumed as incompressible. The low compressibility of water means that even in the deep oceans at 4 km depth, where pressures are 40 MPa, there is only a 1.8% decrease in volume. [43]
Alkalinity. Sea surface alkalinity (from the GLODAP climatology). Alkalinity (from Arabic: القلوية, romanized: al-qaly, lit. 'ashes of the saltwort ') [1] is the capacity of water to resist acidification. [2] It should not be confused with basicity, which is an absolute measurement on the pH scale.