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The Sun will experience more rapid mass loss, with about 33% of its total mass shed with the solar wind. The loss of mass will mean that the orbits of the planets will expand. The orbital distance of Earth will increase to at most 150% of its current value (that is, 1.5 AU (220 million km; 140 million mi)).
300 million Due to a shift in the equatorial Hadley cells to roughly 40° north and south, the amount of arid land will increase by 25%. [73] 300–600 million The estimated time for Venus's mantle temperature to reach its maximum. Then, over a period of about 100 million years, major subduction occurs and the crust is recycled.
At this rate, the Sun has so far converted around 100 times the mass of Earth into energy, about 0.03% of the total mass of the Sun. The Sun will spend a total of approximately 10 to 11 billion years as a main-sequence star before the red giant phase of the Sun. [ 132 ] At the 8 billion year mark, the Sun will be at its hottest point according ...
The Sun will exit the main sequence in approximately 5 billion years and start to turn into a red giant. [29] [30] As a red giant, the Sun will grow so large (over 200 times its present-day radius) (~215 R☉) (~1 AU) that it will engulf Mercury, Venus, and likely Earth. It will lose 38% of its mass growing, then will die into a white dwarf. [31]
If dark energy—represented by the cosmological constant, a constant energy density filling space homogeneously, [3] or scalar fields, such as quintessence or moduli, dynamic quantities whose energy density can vary in time and space—accelerates the expansion of the universe, then the space between clusters of galaxies will grow at an ...
The paradox is this: with the young Sun's output at only 70 percent of its current output, early Earth would be expected to be completely frozen, but early Earth seems to have had liquid water [2] and supported life. [3] The issue was raised by astronomers Carl Sagan and George Mullen in 1972. [4] Proposed resolutions of this paradox have taken ...
1.988 416 × 1030 kg[1] The solar mass (M☉) is a standard unit of mass in astronomy, equal to approximately 2 × 1030 kg. It is approximately equal to the mass of the Sun. It is often used to indicate the masses of other stars, as well as stellar clusters, nebulae, galaxies and black holes. More precisely, the mass of the Sun is.
At that time, the core of the Sun will contract with hydrogen fusion occurring along a shell surrounding the inert helium, and the energy output will be greater than at present. The outer layers of the Sun will expand to roughly 260 times its current diameter, and the Sun will become a red giant. Because of its increased surface area, the ...