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Entrainment is a phenomenon in the atmosphere that occurs when a turbulent flow captures a non-turbulent flow. It is typically used to refer to the capture of a wind flow with high moisture content or in the case of tropical cyclones , the capture of drier air.
Typical values for the entrainment coefficient are of about 0.08 for vertical jets and 0.12 for vertical, buoyant plumes while for bent-over plumes, the entrainment coefficient is about 0.6. Conservation equations for mass (including entrainment), and momentum and buoyancy fluxes are sufficient for a complete description of the flow in many cases.
In the study of chronobiology, entrainment refers to the synchronization of a biological clock to an environmental cycle. An example is the interaction between circadian rhythms and environmental cues, such as light and temperature. Entrainment helps organisms adapt their bodily processes according to the timing of a changing environment. [1]
Brainwave entrainment is a colloquialism for 'neural entrainment', [25] which is a term used to denote the way in which the aggregate frequency of oscillations produced by the synchronous electrical activity in ensembles of cortical neurons can adjust to synchronize with the periodic vibration of external stimuli, such as a sustained acoustic ...
Entrainment is the transport of fluid across an interface between two bodies of fluid by a shear-induced turbulent flux. [1] Entrainment is important in turbulent jets, plumes , and gravity currents , and is an ongoing topic of research.
For example, ANS can be used to study conformational changes induced by ligand binding in proteins, as ANS's fluorescent properties will change as it binds to hydrophobic regions on the protein surface. Comparison of the fluorescence in the presence and absence of a particular ligand can thus give information about how the binding of the ligand ...
Colin Stephenson Pittendrigh (October 13, 1918 – March 19, 1996) [1] was a British-born biologist who spent most of his adult life in the United States. Pittendrigh is regarded as the "father of the biological clock," and founded the modern field of chronobiology alongside Jürgen Aschoff and Erwin Bünning.
Entrainment to environmental cycles is a trait with advantages, and is thus found in nearly all organisms. Many ecological relationships such as predator-prey interactions, pollinator behaviors, migration timing all require the synchronization of an organism’s biological clock with the 24-hour rhythm of planet. [ 12 ]