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For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. Note: x > 0 is assumed throughout this article, and the constant of integration is omitted for simplicity. Integrals involving only logarithmic functions
In mathematics, the logarithmic integral function or integral logarithm li(x) is a special function. It is relevant in problems of physics and has number theoretic significance. In particular, according to the prime number theorem , it is a very good approximation to the prime-counting function , which is defined as the number of prime numbers ...
In mathematics, the definite integral ∫ a b f ( x ) d x {\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx} is the area of the region in the xy -plane bounded by the graph of f , the x -axis, and the lines x = a and x = b , such that area above the x -axis adds to the total, and that below the x -axis subtracts from the total.
Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus.While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful.
A procedure called the Risch algorithm exists that is capable of determining whether the integral of an elementary function (function built from a finite number of exponentials, logarithms, constants, and nth roots through composition and combinations using the four elementary operations) is elementary and returning it if it is. In its original ...
This is a consequence of Bernstein's theorem on monotone functions applied to the integral representation coming from Binet's first integral for the gamma function. Additionally, by the convexity inequality 1 + t ≤ e t {\displaystyle 1+t\leq e^{t}} , the integrand in this representation is bounded above by e − t z / 2 {\displaystyle e^{-tz ...
This integral follows from the general relation of the polylogarithm with the Hurwitz zeta function and a familiar integral representation of the latter. The polylogarithm may be quite generally represented by a Hankel contour integral ( Whittaker & Watson 1927 , § 12.22, § 13.13), which extends the Bose–Einstein representation to negative ...
In integral calculus, Euler's formula for complex numbers may be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions.Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely and and then integrated.