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The protocol consists of two stages. First, intravenously administer ampicillin (2 g) and erythromycin (250 mg) every 6 hours for 48 hours. After 48 hours, administer oral amoxicillin (250 mg) and erythromycin (333 mg) every 8 hours for 5 days. [citation needed]
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Neonatal infections are infections of the neonate (newborn) acquired during prenatal development or within the first four weeks of life. [1] Neonatal infections may be contracted by mother to child transmission , in the birth canal during childbirth , or after birth. [ 2 ]
Mothers who are negative for the Kell 1 antigen develop antibodies after being exposed to red blood cells that are positive for Kell 1.Over half of the cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn owing the anti-Kell antibodies are caused by multiple blood transfusions, with the remainder due to a previous pregnancy with a Kell 1 positive baby.
Pregnancy increases the clearance of ampicillin by up to 50%, and a higher dose is thus needed to reach therapeutic levels. [25] [27] Ampicillin crosses the placenta and remains in the amniotic fluid at 50–100% of the concentration in maternal plasma; this can lead to high concentrations of ampicillin in the newborn. [27]
This scoring allows for the estimation of age in the range of 26 weeks to 44 weeks. The New Ballard Score is an extension of the above to include extremely pre-term babies , i.e., up to 20 weeks. The scoring relies on the intra-uterine changes that the fetus undergoes during its maturation.
Both neonatal and maternal factors such as gestational age (length of pregnancy starting from the first day of the last mentrual period), maternal substance use, genetics, and gender play a role in the symptoms expressed by the neonate. [9] Every infant is unique in which symptoms are expressed.
An AFI between 8 and 18 cm is considered normal. [5] Median AFI level is approximately 14 cm from week 20 to week 35, [6] when the amniotic fluid begins to reduce in preparation for birth. An AFI smaller than 5–6 cm is considered as oligohydramnios. [3] The exact number can vary by gestational age.