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The pad and wafer are pressed together by a dynamic polishing head and held in place by a plastic retaining ring. The dynamic polishing head is rotated with different axes of rotation (i.e., not concentric). This removes material and tends to even out any irregular topography, making the wafer flat or planar. This may be necessary to set up the ...
Etching is a critically important process module in fabrication, and every wafer undergoes many etching steps before it is complete. For many etch steps, part of the wafer is protected from the etchant by a "masking" material which resists etching. In some cases, the masking material is a photoresist which has been patterned using photolithography.
O-I Glass, Inc. is an American company that specializes in container glass products. [2] It is one of the world's leading manufacturers of packaging products, holding the position of largest manufacturer of glass containers in North America , South America , Asia-Pacific and Europe (after acquiring BSN Glasspack in 2004 [ 3 ] ).
The plant's major product was bottles. [21] Raw materials for the glass were continuously fed into the furnace, and the melting was continuous. The glass made using this methodology could be only one color. [38] Natural gas for melting glass: Natural gas began being used in the United States to melt glass batch during the early 1880s. [39]
In metallography and metallurgy, polishing is used to create a flat, defect-free surface for examination of a metal's microstructure under a microscope. Silicon-based polishing pads or a diamond solution can be used in the polishing process. Polishing stainless steel can also increase its sanitary benefits.
This left Wilhelm Kielblock, a noted German stained glass designer and painter, [2] and Elmore Helf, a business man, to reorganize the company. Elmore Helf was not the first member of the Helf family to run a stained glass studio, his father, Henry Helf, was shop foreman for Von Gerichten Art Glass Company in Columbus, Ohio. [3]