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  2. Chemical-mechanical polishing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical-mechanical_polishing

    The pad and wafer are pressed together by a dynamic polishing head and held in place by a plastic retaining ring. The dynamic polishing head is rotated with different axes of rotation (i.e., not concentric). This removes material and tends to even out any irregular topography, making the wafer flat or planar. This may be necessary to set up the ...

  3. Etching (microfabrication) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching_(microfabrication)

    Etching is a critically important process module in fabrication, and every wafer undergoes many etching steps before it is complete. For many etch steps, part of the wafer is protected from the etchant by a "masking" material which resists etching. In some cases, the masking material is a photoresist which has been patterned using photolithography.

  4. 19th Century glassmaking innovations in the United States

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Century_glassmaking...

    The plant's major product was bottles. [21] Raw materials for the glass were continuously fed into the furnace, and the melting was continuous. The glass made using this methodology could be only one color. [38] Natural gas for melting glass: Natural gas began being used in the United States to melt glass batch during the early 1880s. [39]

  5. Polishing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishing

    Chemical-mechanical polishing, which is used in semiconductor fabrication; Fabrication and testing of optical components; Flame polishing, a type of polishing used on glass and thermoplastics; Ultra-fine, abrasive paste polishing, polishing for soft or fragile work surfaces; Vapor polishing, a method of polishing plastics to optical clarity

  6. Vapor polishing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_polishing

    Vapor polishing is a method of polishing plastics to reduce the surface roughness or improve clarity. Typically, a component is exposed to a chemical vapor causing the surface to flow thereby improving the surface finish. This method of polishing is frequently used to return clear materials to an optical quality finish after machining. Vapor ...

  7. Physical vapor deposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_vapor_deposition

    Physical vapor deposition (PVD), sometimes called physical vapor transport (PVT), describes a variety of vacuum deposition methods which can be used to produce thin films and coatings on substrates including metals, ceramics, glass, and polymers. PVD is characterized by a process in which the material transitions from a condensed phase to a ...