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Cervical dilatation and descent of head; Uterine contractions: Squares in vertical columns are shaded according to duration and intensity. Drugs and fluids; Blood pressure: It is recorded in vertical lines at an interval of 2 hours. Pulse rate: It is also recorded in vertical lines at an interval of 30 minutes.
From that point, pressure from the presenting part (head in vertex births or bottom in breech births), along with uterine contractions, will dilate the cervix to 10 centimeters, which is "complete." Cervical dilation is accompanied by effacement, the thinning of the cervix. General guidelines for cervical dilation: Latent phase: 0–3 centimeters
Labor is divided into three stages. First stage of labor starts with the onset of contractions and finishes when the cervix is fully dilated at 10 cm. [15] This stage can further be divided into latent and active labor. The latent phase is defined by cervical dilation of 0 to 6 cm. The active phase is defined by cervical dilation of 6 cm to 10 cm.
Effacement translates to how 'thin' the cervix is. The cervix is normally approximately three centimetres long, as it prepares for labour and labour continues the cervix will efface until it is 'fully effaced' (paper-thin). Cervical dilation: Closed 1–2 cm 3–4 cm 5+cm Dilation is a measure of how open the cervical os is.
Cervical effacement, which is the thinning and stretching of the cervix, and cervical dilation occur during the closing weeks of pregnancy. Effacement is usually complete or near-complete and dilation is about 5 cm by the end of the latent phase. [51] The degree of cervical effacement and dilation may be felt during a vaginal examination.
This stage of labor on average lasts from 2 to 18 hours, but can last even longer in normal pregnancies. [22] This stage can be further broken up into the latent stage and active stage depending on how dilated the cervix is.
Adequate cervical preparation is important prior to surgical abortions because it helps to prevent complications of dilation and evacuation (D&E), such as laceration of the cervix. [5] Cervical preparation can be accomplished with osmotic dilators, with medications such as prostaglandins and/or mifepristone, or with a combination of these.
Dilation and evacuation can be offered for the management of second trimester miscarriage if skilled providers are available. [6] Some women choose D&E over labor induction for a second trimester loss because it can be a scheduled surgical procedure, offering predictability over labor induction, or because they find it emotionally easier than undergoing labor and delivery.