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However, the Mayo Clinic has reported significant success treating early bile duct cancer with liver transplantation using a protocolized approach and strict selection criteria. [71] Adjuvant therapy followed by liver transplantation may have a role in treatment of certain unresectable cases. [72]
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme in the cells lining the biliary ducts of the liver. It can also be found on the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine, proximal convoluted tubule of the kidneys, bone, liver, and placenta. It plays an important role in lipid transposition in small intestines and calcification of bones. 50% of all the ...
Elevated alkaline phosphatase occurs when levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) exceed the reference range. This group of enzymes has a low substrate specificity and catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate esters in a basic environment. The major function of alkaline phosphatase is transporting chemicals across cell membranes. [1]
The enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP, alkaline phenyl phosphatase) is a phosphatase with the physiological role of dephosphorylating compounds. The enzyme is found across a multitude of organisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike, with the same general function, but in different structural forms suitable to the environment they function in. Alkaline phosphatase is found in the periplasmic ...
Diagnosis requires elevated serum alkaline phosphatase persisting for at least 6 months and the presence of bile duct strictures on cholangiogram. [39] [40] Unlike primary biliary cholangitis, PSC lacks a diagnostic autoantibody or reliable biomarker of disease progression.
However, if signs and symptoms are present they include non-specific abdominal pain, yellowing of skin, and higher than normal gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase laboratory values. [7] They are, in most cases, located in the right hepatic lobe and are frequently seen as a single lesion. [7]
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