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DNA vaccine and Gene therapy techniques are similar. DNA vaccines have been introduced into animal tissues by multiple methods. In 1999, the two most popular approaches were injection of DNA in saline: by using a standard hypodermic needle, or by using a gene gun delivery. [31] Several other techniques have been documented in the intervening years.
A genetic vaccine (also gene-based vaccine) is a vaccine that contains nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA that lead to protein biosynthesis of antigens within a cell. Genetic vaccines thus include DNA vaccines , RNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines .
The lines are believed to trace the migration of embryonic cells. [8] [9] They do not correspond to nervous, muscular, or lymphatic systems. The lines are not unique to humans and can be observed in other non-human animals with mosaicism. [10] [11] Alfred Blaschko is credited with the first demonstration of these lines in 1901. [12]
The vaccines do not contain any of the original fetal tissue or cells or cells derived from fetal materials. [5] Although the vaccine materials are purified from cell debris, traces of human DNA fragments remain. [6] [7] [8] The cell lines continue to replicate on their own and no further sources of fetal cells are needed. [5]
Fears of genes being altered by the residual DNA fragments in COVID-19 vaccines don't stand up to the science.
To produce viral vaccines, candidate vaccine viruses are grown in mammalian, avian or insect tissue culture of cells with a finite lifespan. [5] These cells are typically Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells, [6] but others are also used including monkey cell lines pMK and Vero and human cell lines HEK 293, MRC 5, Per.C6, PMK, and WI-38. [7]
Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of either a speciation event or a duplication event . Homology among proteins or DNA is typically inferred from their sequence similarity. Significant similarity is strong evidence that two sequences are related by divergent evolution of a common ancestor.
The study tested a DNA vaccine and concluded that individuals inoculated with the vaccine exhibited some level of antibodies. However, these vaccines were not expected to provide definitive immunity. [9] Several animal models have shown to be effective in the research of Marburg virus, such as hamsters, mice, and non-human primates (NHPs).