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Old Norse vowel phonemes mostly come in pairs of long and short. The standardized orthography marks the long vowels with an acute accent. In medieval manuscripts, it is often unmarked but sometimes marked with an accent or through gemination. Old Norse had nasalized versions of all ten vowel places.
Thus the Old Norse name Baldr comes out as Baldur in modern Icelandic. Other differences include vowel-shifts, whereby Old Norse ǫ became Icelandic ö, and Old Norse œ (oe ligature) became Icelandic æ (ae ligature). Old Norse ø corresponds in modern Icelandic to ö, as in sökkva, or to e, as in gera.
Old Norse has three categories of verbs (strong, weak, & present-preterite) and two categories of nouns (strong, weak). Conjugation and declension are carried out by a mix of inflection and two nonconcatenative morphological processes: umlaut, a backness-based alteration to the root vowel; and ablaut, a replacement of the root vowel, in verbs.
Based on the description of minimal pairs of words in Old Norse, Einar Haugen proposes one tentative interpretation of the vowel description given by the First Grammatical Treatise. [6] There are potentially 36 vowels in Old Norse, with 9 basic vowel qualities, /i, y, e, ø, ɛ, u, o, ɔ, a/ , which are further distinguished by length and nasality.
The degree of protrusion depends on the rounding of the following vowel. [5] /h/ is a (usually voiceless) fricative. The friction is normally glottal , but sometimes it is dorsal: palatal when near front vowels, velar near back vowels. It can be voiced [ɦ ~ ʝ ~ ɣ] between two voiced sounds. [6]
Old Norse. In Old Norse, æ represents the long vowel /ɛː/. The short version of the same vowel, /ɛ/, if it is distinguished from /e/, is written as ę. Icelandic. In Icelandic, æ represents the diphthong, which can be long or short. Faroese. In most varieties of Faroese, æ is pronounced as follows:
Possibly from Old Norse krasa (="shatter") via Old French crasir [55] creek kriki ("corner, nook") through ME creke ("narrow inlet in a coastline") altered from kryk perhaps influenced by Anglo-Norman crique itself from a Scandinavian source via Norman-French [56] crochet from Old Norse krokr "hook" via French crochet "small hook; canine tooth ...
An ogonek can also be attached to the bottom of a vowel in Old Norse or Old Icelandic to show length or vowel affection. [1] For example, in Old Norse, ǫ represents the Old Norwegian vowel [ɔ], which in Old Icelandic merges with ø ‹ö› and in modern Scandinavian languages is represented by the letter å.