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In metallurgy, solid solution strengthening is a type of alloying that can be used to improve the strength of a pure metal. [1] The technique works by adding atoms of one element (the alloying element) to the crystalline lattice of another element (the base metal), forming a solid solution .
The IUPAC definition of a solid solution is a "solid in which components are compatible and form a unique phase". [3]The definition "crystal containing a second constituent which fits into and is distributed in the lattice of the host crystal" given in refs., [4] [5] is not general and, thus, is not recommended.
At 0-D there is precipitate and solid solution strengthening with particulates strengthening structure, at 1-D there is work/forest hardening with line dislocations as the hardening mechanism, and at 2-D there is grain boundary strengthening with surface energy of granular interfaces providing strength improvement.
Strengthening mechanisms that alter the strength of a material include work hardening, solid solution strengthening, precipitation hardening, and grain boundary strengthening. Strengthening mechanisms are accompanied by the caveat that some other mechanical properties of the material may degenerate in an attempt to make a material stronger.
Precipitation strengthening is possible if the line of solid solubility slopes strongly toward the center of a phase diagram.While a large volume of precipitate particles is desirable, a small enough amount of the alloying element should be added so that it remains easily soluble at some reasonable annealing temperature.
Control-rolled HSLA steels contain a combination of different strengthening mechanisms. The main strengthening effect comes from grain refinement (Grain boundary strengthening), in which strength increases as the grain size decreases. The other mechanisms include solid solution strengthening and precipitate hardening from micro-alloyed elements.
In an aqueous solution, precipitation is the "sedimentation of a solid material (a precipitate) from a liquid solution". [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The solid formed is called the precipitate . [ 3 ] In case of an inorganic chemical reaction leading to precipitation, the chemical reagent causing the solid to form is called the precipitant .
In materials science, segregation is the enrichment of atoms, ions, or molecules at a microscopic region in a materials system. While the terms segregation and adsorption are essentially synonymous, in practice, segregation is often used to describe the partitioning of molecular constituents to defects from solid solutions, [1] whereas adsorption is generally used to describe such partitioning ...