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Phenoxyethanol has germicidal and germistatic properties. [6] It is often used together with quaternary ammonium compounds.. Phenoxyethanol is used as a perfume fixative; an insect repellent; an antiseptic; [7] a solvent for cellulose acetate, dyes, inks, and resins; a preservative for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and lubricants; [8] an anesthetic in fish aquaculture; [9] [10] and in organic ...
p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 4 (NH 2) 2. This derivative of aniline is a white solid, but samples can darken due to air oxidation. [ 1 ] It is mainly used as a component of engineering polymers and composites like kevlar .
In drug development, preclinical development (also termed preclinical studies or nonclinical studies) is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected, typically in laboratory animals.
The United States Food and Drug Administration's Investigational New Drug (IND) program is the means by which a pharmaceutical company obtains permission to start human clinical trials and to ship an experimental drug across state lines (usually to clinical investigators) before a marketing application for the drug has been approved.
In determining bioequivalence between two products such as a commercially available Branded product and a potential to-be-marketed Generic product, pharmacokinetic studies are conducted whereby each of the preparations are administered in a cross-over study (sometimes parallel study, when a cross-over study is not feasible) to volunteer subjects, generally healthy individuals but occasionally ...
Lipinski's rule of five, also known as Pfizer's rule of five or simply the rule of five (RO5), is a rule of thumb to evaluate druglikeness or determine if a chemical compound with a certain pharmacological or biological activity has chemical properties and physical properties that would likely make it an orally active drug in humans.
In the United States, the body responsible for approval is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which must grant the substance Investigational New Drug (IND) status before it can be tested in human clinical trials. IND status requires the drug's sponsor to submit an IND application that includes data from laboratory and animal testing for ...
The first appearance of the term ‘safety pharmacology’ in the published literature dates back to 1980. [5] The term was certainly in common usage in the 1980s within the pharmaceutical industry to describe nonclinical pharmacological evaluation of unintended effects of candidate drugs for regulatory submissions. [6]