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  2. Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation...

    In diagrams with particle labels separated by | the labels must be chosen in the same order. For example, in the four boson electroweak case the valid diagrams are WWWW, WWZZ, WWγγ, WWZγ. The conjugate of each listed vertex (reversing the direction of arrows) is also allowed. [3] The full expanded form of the Standard Model Lagrangian

  3. Scientific notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_notation

    Scientific notation is a way of expressing numbers that are too large or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form, since to do so would require writing out an inconveniently long string of digits. It may be referred to as scientific form or standard index form, or standard form in the United Kingdom.

  4. Mathematical notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_notation

    Mathematical notation was first introduced by François Viète at the end of the 16th century and largely expanded during the 17th and 18th centuries by René Descartes, Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, and overall Leonhard Euler.

  5. Extended real number line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_real_number_line

    Extended real numbers (top) vs projectively extended real numbers (bottom) In mathematics , the extended real number system [ a ] is obtained from the real number system R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } by adding two elements denoted + ∞ {\displaystyle +\infty } and − ∞ {\displaystyle -\infty } [ b ] that are respectively greater and lower ...

  6. Standard form - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_form

    Standard form may refer to a way of writing very large or very small numbers by comparing the powers of ten. It is also known as Scientific notation. Numbers in standard form are written in this format: a×10 n Where a is a number 1 ≤ a < 10 and n is an integer. ln mathematics and science Canonical form

  7. Closed and exact differential forms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_and_exact...

    In mathematics, especially vector calculus and differential topology, a closed form is a differential form α whose exterior derivative is zero (dα = 0), and an exact form is a differential form, α, that is the exterior derivative of another differential form β. Thus, an exact form is in the image of d, and a closed form is in the kernel of d.

  8. Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions...

    Since d 2 = 0, the 3-form J satisfies the conservation of current (continuity equation): = = The current 3-form can be integrated over a 3-dimensional space-time region. The physical interpretation of this integral is the charge in that region if it is spacelike, or the amount of charge that flows through a surface in a certain amount of time ...

  9. cis (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_(mathematics)

    x is the argument of the complex number (angle between line to point and x-axis in polar form). The notation is less commonly used in mathematics than Euler's formula, e ix, which offers an even shorter notation for cos x + i sin x, but cis(x) is widely used as a name for this function in software libraries.