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The history of the cooperative movement concerns the origins and history of cooperatives across the world. Although cooperative arrangements, such as mutual insurance, and principles of cooperation existed long before, the cooperative movement began with the application of cooperative principles to business organization.
Arla Foods is a Swedish-Danish cooperative based in Aarhus, Denmark, and the largest producer of dairy products in Scandinavia.; Coop Norden (Coop Nordic) was a joint Scandinavian purchasing company that in 2007 dissolved and devolved to the constituent national cooperatives.
There are generally five major types of cooperative organizations: Consumers' cooperatives, in which the consumers of a co-operative's goods and services are defined as its members (including retail food co-operatives and grocery stores, credit unions, mutual insurance companies, etc.) (Example: REI, federal credit unions, etc.)
Rainbow Grocery Cooperative, San Francisco, CA; Red Emma's Bookstore Coffeehouse, Baltimore, MD [11] Seward Community Cafe, Minneapolis, MN [12] TESA Collective; The Drivers Cooperative, New York City
At the outset, the Pioneers had a clear set of objects, as set out in "Law the First" of its rules: The objects and plans of the Society are to form arrangements for the pecuniary benefit, and improvement of the social and domestic condition of its members, by raising a sufficient amount of capital in shares of £1 each, to bring into operation the following plans and arrangements:
A second common form of co-operative federation is a co-operative union, whose objective (according to Gide) is “to develop the spirit of solidarity among societies and... in a word, to exercise the functions of a government whose authority, it is needless to say, is purely moral.” [2] Co-operatives UK and the International Co-operative Alliance are examples of such arrangements.
The best historical examples of this are the English CWS and the Scottish SCWS, which are the predecessors of the 21st century Co-operative Group. Indeed, in Britain, the terms Co-operative Wholesale Society and CWS are used to refer to this specific organisation rather than the organisational form.
The largest examples of a British worker cooperatives include, Suma Wholefoods, Bristol-based Essential Trading Co-operative and the Brighton-based Infinity Foods Cooperative Ltd. [102] In 2022 a new federation of worker co-operatives in the UK, workers.coop, was founded.