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Coxsackieviruses are divided into group A and group B viruses based on early observations of their pathogenicity in neonatal mice. [1] Group A coxsackieviruses were noted to cause a flaccid paralysis (which was caused by generalized myositis) while group B coxsackieviruses were noted to cause a spastic paralysis (due to focal muscle injury and degeneration of neuronal tissue).
Coxsackie A virus is a subgroup of enterovirus A, which are small, non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. Its protective, icosahedral capsid has an external portion that contains sixty copies of viral proteins (VP1,-2,-3) and an internal portion surrounding the RNA genome containing sixty copies of VP4 viral proteins.
Echovirus 9 (also known as E-9, E.C.H.O. 9, and formerly Coxsackie A23 or A23 virus) [1] is a serotype of echovirus. When first discovered, it was labelled as a coxsackie A virus, A23. It was later discovered that A23 was an echovirus antigenically identical to the already-known echovirus 9. [2] Echovirus 9 is the most common enterovirus type. [3]
Coxsackie B infections usually do not cause serious disease, although for newborns in the first 1–2 weeks of life, Coxsackie B infections can easily be fatal. [2] The pancreas is a frequent target, which can cause pancreatitis. [2] Coxsackie B3 (CB3) infections are the most common enterovirus cause of myocarditis and sudden cardiac death. [8]
Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause, and enterovirus 71 is the second-most common cause. [6] Other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also be responsible. [6] [12] Some people may carry and pass on the virus despite having no symptoms of disease. [10] Other animals are not involved. [8] Diagnosis can often be made based on ...
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Coxsackie B4 virus and type 1 diabetes [ edit ] One theory proposes that type 1 diabetes is a virus-triggered autoimmune response in which the immune system attacks virus-infected cells along with the beta cells in the pancreas , [ 8 ] [ 9 ] but to date there is no stringent evidence to support this hypothesis in humans.
Thus, coxsackievirus A23 is the same serotype as echovirus 9, and coxsackievirus A15 is the same serotype as coxsackievirus A11 and coxsackievirus A18 is the same serotype as coxsackievirus A13. [citation needed] Life cycle of an enterovirus. Coxsackie A16 virus causes human hand, foot and mouth disease. [citation needed]