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A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. [1] In general, they can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage (also called leverage) to multiply force. [ 2 ]
The mechanical advantage of a simple machine like the wheel and axle is computed as the ratio of the resistance to the effort. The larger the ratio the greater the multiplication of force (torque) created or distance achieved. By varying the radii of the axle and/or wheel, any amount of mechanical advantage may be gained. [18]
A simple machine that exhibits mechanical advantage is called a mechanical advantage device - e.g.: Lever: The beam shown is in static equilibrium around the fulcrum. This is due to the moment created by vector force "A" counterclockwise (moment A*a) being in equilibrium with the moment created by vector force "B" clockwise (moment B*b).
The mechanical advantage of a lever is the ratio of output force to input force. M A = F 2 F 1 = a b . {\displaystyle MA={\frac {F_{2}}{F_{1}}}={\frac {a}{b}}.\!} This relationship shows that the mechanical advantage can be computed from ratio of the distances from the fulcrum to where the input and output forces are applied to the lever ...
The lead determines the mechanical advantage of the screw; the smaller the lead, the higher the mechanical advantage. [20] The pitch is defined as the axial distance between the crests of adjacent threads. In most screws, called "single start" screws, which have a single helical thread wrapped around them, the lead and pitch are equal.
The second oldest simple machine was the inclined plane (ramp), [6] which has been used since prehistoric times to move heavy objects. [7] [8] The other four simple machines were invented in the ancient Near East. [9] The wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC. [10]
Ideal machine – Ideal mechanical advantage – Imperial College London – Inclined plane – Independent suspension – Inductor – Industrial engineering – Inertia – Institution of Mechanical Engineers – Instrumentation – Integrated circuit – Invention –
These mechanisms have many advantages, including reduced part-count, reduced "slop" between joints (no parasitic motion because of gaps between parts [3]), energy storage, low maintenance (they don't require lubrication and there is low mechanical wear), and ease of manufacture.