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Erhua (simplified Chinese: 儿化; traditional Chinese: 兒化 [ɚ˧˥xwä˥˩]); also called "erization" or "rhotacization of syllable finals" [1]) is a phonological process that adds r-coloring or the er (儿; 兒) sound to syllables in spoken Mandarin Chinese.
It altereth the sound of all the vowells, euen quite thorough one or mo consonants as, máde, stéme, éche, kínde, strípe, óre, cúre, tóste sound sharp with the qualifying E in their end: whereas, màd, stèm, èch, frind, strip, or, cut, tost, contract of tossed sound flat without the same E, And therefor the same loud and sharp sound in ...
In the traditional standard pronunciation, this happens only in the unstressed ending -er and after long vowels: for example besser [ˈbɛsɐ], sehr [zeːɐ̯]. In common speech the vocalization is usual after short vowels as well, and additional contractions may occur: for example Dorn [dɔɐ̯n] ~ [dɔːn], hart [haɐ̯t] ~ [haːt]. [14]
Every conversation involves turn-taking, which means that whenever someone wants to speak and hears a pause, they do so. Pauses are commonly used to indicate that someone's turn has ended, which can create confusion when someone has not finished a thought but has paused to form a thought; in order to prevent this confusion, they will use a filler word such as um, er, or uh.
In rhotic dialects, spelling pronunciation has caused these words to be pronounced rhotically anyway. Examples include: Er and Erm, used in non-rhotic dialects to indicate a filled pause, which most rhotic dialects would instead convey with uh, eh, and um. The game Parcheesi, from Indian Pachisi. British English slang words:
In other foreign words, however, the e after i may be pronounced (e.g., Ambiente, Hygiene, Klient), or names like Daniela, Gabriel, and Triest. Words ending in -ie can be particularly tricky to learners: There are generally two possibilities: When the final ie is stressed, it represents long /iː/ as in Zeremonie /tseʁemoˈniː/.
When suffixes are added to words ending with a hard or soft g (such as -ed, -ing, -er, -est, -ism, -ist, -edness, -ish(ness), -ily, -iness, -ier, -iest, -ingly, -edly, and -ishly), the sound is normally maintained. Sometimes the normal rules of spelling changes before suffixes can help signal whether the hard or soft sound is intended.
In these varieties, the sound /r/ is pronounced only when it is immediately followed by a vowel. Linking R and intrusive R may also occur between a root morpheme and certain suffixes, such as -ing or -al. For instance, in words such as draw(r)ing, withdraw(r)al, or Kafka(r)esque. These phenomena first appeared in English sometime after the year ...