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Fernand Paul Achille Braudel (French: [fɛʁnɑ̃ bʁodɛl]; 24 August 1902 – 27 November 1985) was a French historian.His scholarship focused on three main projects: The Mediterranean (1923–49, then 1949–66), Civilization and Capitalism (1955–79), and the unfinished Identity of France (1970–85).
Structuralism is an intellectual current and methodological approach, primarily in the social sciences, that interprets elements of human culture by way of their relationship to a broader system. [1] It works to uncover the structural patterns that underlie all the things that humans do , think , perceive , and feel .
Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm emphasizing that elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure. – Alternately, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn: Structuralism is the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations.
This central term ironically escapes structurality, the key feature of structuralism according to which all meaning is defined relationally, through other terms in the structure. From this perspective, the center is the most alien or estranged element in a structure: it comes from somewhere outside and remains absolute until a new center is ...
Post-structuralism rejects the structuralist notion that the dominant word in a pair is dependent on its subservient counterpart, and instead argues that founding knowledge on either pure experience (phenomenology) or on systematic structures (structuralism) is impossible, [10] because history and culture actually condition the study of ...
In structuralism, a binary opposition is seen as a fundamental organizer of human philosophy, culture, and language. Binary opposition originated in Saussurean structuralist theory. [ 3 ] According to Ferdinand de Saussure , the binary opposition is the means by which the units of language have value or meaning; each unit is defined in ...
Philosophy of culture is a branch of philosophy that examines the essence and meaning of culture.. It focuses on how human creativity, rationality, and collective experiences shape cultural identities.
Paul de Man (/ d ə ˈ m ɑː n /; December 6, 1919 – December 21, 1983), born Paul Adolph Michel Deman, [1] was a Belgian-born literary critic and literary theorist.He was known particularly for his importation of German and French philosophical approaches into Anglo-American literary studies and critical theory.