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High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is an abnormality of prostatic glands and believed to precede the development of prostate adenocarcinoma (the most common form of prostate cancer). [1] [2] It may be referred to simply as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN).
Together with other parameters, it is incorporated into a strategy of prostate cancer staging which predicts prognosis and helps guide therapy. A Gleason score is given to prostate cancer based upon its microscopic appearance. [1] Cancers with a higher Gleason score are more aggressive and have a worse prognosis. Pathological scores range from ...
Mitoses (also seen in for example high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and prostate inflammation). [4] Prominent nucleoli [4] Intraluminal eosinophilic secretion [4] Intraluminal blue mucin [4]
However, high magnification (right image) shows the key feature of prominent nucleoli (visible at 200x magnification to make the diagnosis of "high-grade"), as well as other typical features of HGPIN. Reference for features: - Margaret Sanders, M.B.B.Ch., Murali Varma, M.B.B.S.. High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN).
The International Prognostic Index (IPI) is a clinical tool developed by oncologists to aid in predicting the prognosis of patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Previous to IPI's development, the primary consideration in assessing prognosis was the Ann Arbor stage alone, but this was increasingly found to be an inadequate means of ...
Five-year survival rates can be used to compare the effectiveness of treatments. Use of five-year survival statistics is more useful in aggressive diseases that have a shorter life expectancy following diagnosis, such as lung cancer , and less useful in cases with a long life expectancy, such as prostate cancer .
The Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) is used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer. [1] [2] Its value is calculated using three pathological criteria: the size of the tumour; the number of involved lymph nodes; and the grade of the tumour. [1] It is calculated to select patients for adjuvant treatment.
Medical calculators arose because modern medicine makes frequent use of scores and indices that put physicians' memory and calculation skills to the test. [2] The advent of personal computers, the Internet and Web, and more recently personal digital assistants (PDAs) have formed an environment conducive to their development, spread and use.