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Substance theory, or substance–attribute theory, is an ontological theory positing that objects are constituted each by a substance and properties borne by the substance but distinct from it. In this role, a substance can be referred to as a substratum or a thing-in-itself .
The attraction of Spinoza's philosophy to late 18th-century Europeans was that it provided an alternative to materialism, atheism, and deism. Three of Spinoza's ideas strongly appealed to them: the unity of all that exists, the regularity of all that happens, and the identity of spirit and nature. [163]
The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-century Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. 1998. First paperback edition. 2003. Volume 2. Dan Kaufman (ed). The Routledge Companion to Seventeenth Century Philosophy. 2017. Google Books. Stuart Hampshire. The Master Philosophers: The Age of Reason: The 17th Century Philosophers. A Meridian Classic.
Descartes has often been called the father of modern philosophy, and is largely seen as responsible for the increased attention given to epistemology in the 17th century. [ 19 ] [ note 5 ] He laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism , later advocated by Spinoza and Leibniz , and was later opposed by the empiricist school of ...
Philosophers born in the 17th century (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically: Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.
One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a "realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture," in the late 17th century and 18th century. [173]
Pierre Bayle regarded Malebranche as "one of the greatest philosophers of this age" (though, admittedly, not as the greatest, as is often reported). [5] In note H to his "Zeno of Elea" article, Bayle discussed Malebranche's views on material substance with particular approval. Occasionalism and the vision in God seem to make the real existence ...
Pantheism was popularized in the modern era as both a theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza, [36] whose Ethics was an answer to Descartes' famous dualist theory that the body and spirit are separate. [37] Spinoza held that the two are the same, and this monism is a fundamental quality of his ...