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This is a list of chemotherapeutic agents, also known as cytotoxic agents or cytostatic drugs, that are known to be of use in chemotherapy for cancer.This list is organized by type of agent, although the subsections are not necessarily definitive and are subject to revision.
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Palliative chemotherapy is used to control (but not cure) the cancer in settings in which the cancer has spread beyond the breast and localized lymph nodes. See metastatic breast cancer. Combined therapies These combine, for example, non-drug treatments with localized chemotherapy to limit toxicity and achieve better results. [3]
Nadofaragene firadenovec (Adstiladrin): treatment for bladder cancer [13] Obecabtagene autoleucel (Aucatzyl): treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia [14] [15] Onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma): AAV-based treatment for spinal muscular atrophy [16] Strimvelis: treatment for adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID)
The ATM gene promoter was observed to be hypermethylated in 53% of small (impalpable) breast cancers [31] and was hypermethylated in 78% of stage II or greater breast cancers with a highly significant correlation (P = 0.0006) between reduced ATM mRNA abundance and aberrant methylation of the ATM gene promoter. [32]
MammaPrint is a prognostic and predictive diagnostic test for early stage breast cancer patients that assess the risk that a tumor will metastasize to other parts of the body. [1] It gives a binary result, high-risk or low-risk classification , and helps physicians determine whether or not a patient will benefit from chemotherapy .
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