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An illustration of some of the optical devices available for laboratory work in England in 1858. An optical instrument is a device that processes light waves (or photons), either to enhance an image for viewing or to analyze and determine their characteristic properties.
Glass chart. A 1951 USAF resolution test chart is a microscopic optical resolution test device originally defined by the U.S. Air Force MIL-STD-150A standard of 1951. The design provides numerous small target shapes exhibiting a stepped assortment of precise spatial frequency specimens.
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Test Tube Rack. Test tube racks are laboratory equipment used to hold upright multiple test tubes at the same time. They are most commonly used when various different solutions are needed to work with simultaneously, for safety reasons, for safe storage of test tubes, and to ease the transport of multiple tubes.
Phase shift through a beam splitter with a dielectric coating. Beam splitters are sometimes used to recombine beams of light, as in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer.In this case there are two incoming beams, and potentially two outgoing beams.
Relascope usage. The Relascope is used by looking through the hole in the front of the instrument. When users look through this hole they will see several scales that are used for different measurements on the bottom half of their view, and on the top half they will see the tree that they are looking at.
The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics defines specific rotation as: For an optically active substance, defined by [α] θ λ = α/γl, where α is the angle through which plane polarized light is rotated by a solution of mass concentration γ and path length l.
The low cost ($200/ton) and high cycle rate (2,000×) of synthetic zeolites such as Linde 13X with water adsorbate has garnered much academic and commercial interest recently for use for thermal energy storage (TES), specifically of low-grade solar and waste heat. Several pilot projects have been funded in the EU from 2000 to the present (2020).