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The theory of metacognition plays a critical role in successful learning, and it's important for both students and teachers to demonstrate understanding of it. Students who underwent metacognitive training including pretesting, self evaluation, and creating study plans performed better on exams. [ 28 ]
Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a psychotherapy focused on modifying metacognitive beliefs that perpetuate states of worry, rumination and attention fixation. [1] It was created by Adrian Wells [2] based on an information processing model by Wells and Gerald Matthews. [3] It is supported by scientific evidence from a large number of studies. [4] [5]
Flavell is known for his research into metacognition and the child's theory of mind; he is credited for coining the term metacognition, [10] [11] and as the founder of metacognition theory. [12] [13] He has also published widely on children's developing understanding of the distinction between appearance and reality.
Ann Lesley Brown (1943–1999) was an educational psychologist who developed methods for teaching children to be better learners. Her interest in the human memory brought Brown to focus on active memory strategies that would help enhance human memory and developmental differences in memory tasks.
Some researchers include a metacognitive component in their definition. In this view, the Dunning–Kruger effect is the thesis that those who are incompetent in a given area tend to be ignorant of their incompetence, i.e., they lack the metacognitive ability to become aware of their incompetence.
Metacognition can take many forms, such as reflecting on one's ways of thinking, and knowing when and how oneself and others use particular strategies for problem-solving. [55] [56] There are generally two components of metacognition: (1) cognitive conceptions and (2) cognitive regulation system.
Nelson and Narens proposed a theoretical framework for understanding metacognition and metamemory. [2] In this framework there are two levels: the object level (for example, cognition and memory) and the meta level (for example, metacognition and metamemory). Information flow from the meta level to the object level is called control, and ...
Theory of multiple intelligences – Pseudoscientific theory of multiple types of human intelligence; Transtheoretical model, also known as Stages of change – Integrative theory of therapy; Zone of proximal development – Difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with help