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Sodium hydroxide is industrially produced, first as a 32% solution, and then evaporated to a 50% solution by variations of the electrolytic chloralkali process. [26] Chlorine gas is also produced in this process. [ 26 ]
The manganate(V) anion was first reported in 1946 by Hermann Lux, who synthesized the intensely blue sodium hypomanganate by reacting sodium oxide Na 2 O and manganese dioxide MnO 2 in fused sodium nitrite NaNO 2 at 500 °C. [7] [3] He also crystalized the salt from strong (50%) sodium hydroxide solutions as the decahydrate Na 3 MnO 4 ·10 H 2 O.
The process has a high energy consumption, for example around 2,500 kWh (9,000 MJ) of electricity per tonne of sodium hydroxide produced. Because the process yields equivalent amounts of chlorine and sodium hydroxide (two moles of sodium hydroxide per mole of chlorine), it is necessary to find a use for these products in the same proportion ...
It works by storing heat in a container containing 50% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Heat (e.g. from using a solar collector) is stored by evaporating the water in an endothermic reaction. When water is added again, heat is released in an exothermic reaction at 50 °C (120 °F). Current systems operate at 60% efficiency.
The hydroxide ion forms salts, some of which dissociate in aqueous solution, liberating solvated hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is a multi-million-ton per annum commodity chemical. The corresponding electrically neutral compound HO • is the hydroxyl radical. The corresponding covalently bound group –OH of atoms is the hydroxy group.
Potassium carbonate, formed from the hydroxide solution leaking from an alkaline battery. Aqueous potassium hydroxide is employed as the electrolyte in alkaline batteries based on nickel-cadmium, nickel-hydrogen, and manganese dioxide-zinc. Potassium hydroxide is preferred over sodium hydroxide because its solutions are more conductive. [20]