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Taurine (/ ˈ t ɔː r iː n /), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a non-proteinogenic naturally occurring amino sulfonic acid that is widely distributed in animal tissues. [1] It is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine, and accounts for up to 0.1% of total human body weight.
The synthesis of N-methyltaurine was reported as early as 1878, [4] with methylamine being reacted with the silver salt of 2-chloroethanesulfonic acid. An obvious modification for this reaction is the replacement of the silver salt of 2-chloroethanesulfonic acid by the sodium salt of 2-chloroethanesulfonic acid. [5]
In the decomposition of taurine, it has been shown that molecular oxygen is activated by Iron II, which lies in the coordinating complex of taurine dioxygenase. [2] Here the enzyme with conjunction of an Iron II and 2-oxoglutarate maintain non-covalent bonds by electrostatic interactions, and coordinate a nucleophilic attack from dioxygen on 2-oxoglutarate carbon number 2. [3]
Generic structure of a taurate. R is an odd numbered alkyl group C n H 2n+1 with n = 7 – 17 carbon atoms.. Taurates (or taurides) are a group of mild anionic surfactants.They are composed of a hydrophilic head group, consisting of N-methyltaurine (2-methylaminoethanesulfonic acid) and a lipophilic residue, consisting of a long-chain carboxylic acid (fatty acid), both linked via an amide bond.
In enzymology, a taurine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.99.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction.. taurine + H 2 O + acceptor sulfoacetaldehyde + NH 3 + reduced acceptor. The 3 substrates of this enzyme are taurine, H 2 O, and acceptor, whereas its 3 products are sulfoacetaldehyde, NH 3, and reduced acceptor.
Once secreted into the lumen of the intestine, bile salts are modified by gut bacteria. They are partially dehydroxylated. Their glycine and taurine groups are removed to give the secondary bile acids, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid. Cholic acid is converted into deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid into lithocholic acid.
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The receptor can be activated by a range of simple amino acids including glycine, β-alanine and taurine, and can be selectively blocked by the high-affinity competitive antagonist strychnine. [2] Caffeine is a competitive antagonist of GlyR. [3] Cannabinoids enhance the function. [4]