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Carbon (6 C) has 14 known isotopes, from 8 C to 20 C as well as 22 C, of which 12 C and 13 C are stable.The longest-lived radioisotope is 14 C, with a half-life of 5.70(3) × 10 3 years. . This is also the only carbon radioisotope found in nature, as trace quantities are formed cosmogenically by the reactio
At standard pressure, carbon, the lightest carbon group element, sublimes at 3825 °C. Silicon's boiling point is 3265 °C, germanium's is 2833 °C, tin's is 2602 °C, and lead's is 1749 °C. Flerovium is predicted to boil at −60 °C. [11] [12] The melting points of the carbon group elements have roughly the same trend as their boiling points ...
Changes in Metabolic Pathways for Carbon Fixation: Major changes in lake alkalinity influence benthic and planktonic primary production. Shifts in the dominant source of DIC for photosynthesis, driven by pH changes, can lead to trends toward more positive δ 13 C , particularly in lakes dominated by autochthonous organic matter and exhibiting ...
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Archaeological materials, such as bone, organic residues, hair, or sea shells, can serve as substrates for isotopic analysis. Carbon, nitrogen and zinc isotope ratios are used to investigate the diets of past people; these isotopic systems can be used with others, such as strontium or oxygen, to answer questions about population movements and cultural interactions, such as trade.
Its first four ionisation energies, 1086.5, 2352.6, 4620.5 and 6222.7 kJ/mol, are much higher than those of the heavier group-14 elements. The electronegativity of carbon is 2.5, significantly higher than the heavier group-14 elements (1.8–1.9), but close to most of the nearby nonmetals, as well as some of the second- and third-row transition ...
The range for one-bond 1 J(13 C, 13 C) is 50–130 Hz. Two-bond 2 J(13 C, 13 C) are near 10 Hz. The trends in J(1 H, 13 C) and J(13 C, 13 C) are similar, except that J(1 H, 13 C are smaller owing to the modest value of the 13 C nuclear magnetic moment. Values for 1 J(1 H, 13 C) range from 125 to 250 Hz. Values for 2 J(1 H, 13 C) are near 5 Hz ...
Carbon can be produced in stars at least as massive as the Sun by fusion of three helium-4 nuclei: 4 He + 4 He + 4 He --> 12 C. This is the triple alpha process.In stars as massive as the Sun, carbon-12 is also converted to carbon-13 and then onto nitrogen-14 by fusion with protons.