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The Yokuts were reduced by around 93% between 1850 and 1900, with many of the survivors being forced into indentured servitude sanctioned by the so-called "California State Act for the Government and Protection of Indians". A few Valley Yokuts remain, the most prominent tribe among them being the Tachi Yokut.
The Tamcan spoke the Delta Yokuts language. The first Delta Yokuts vocabulary was recorded at Pleasanton, California by Alphonse Pinart in 1880. Pinart called the language "Tcholovones, or better Colovomnes" and wrote that it was a variant on the "Tulareños" languages spoken on the San Joaquin River and at Tulare Lake (now known to be the Yokuts language family).
Traditionally, 60 Yokuts tribes lived-in south-central California to the east of Porterville. By the end of the 19th century their population was reduced by 75% due to warfare and high fatalities from European diseases. The surviving Yokuts banded together on the Tule River Reservation, including the Yowlumne, Wukchumni bands of Yokut. [3]
Tuhohi (also called Tohohai or Tuhohayi) was a similar dialect, spoken by a tribe who "lived among channels and sloughs of Kern River where they enter Tulare Lake." [5] A variety of the Barbareño language "was heavily influenced by Buena Vista Yokuts." This language was called Emigdiano, as it was "spoken at San Emigdio near Buena Vista Lake." [6]
Chukchansi (Chuk'chansi) is a dialect of Valley Yokuts spoken in and around the Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians, in the San Joaquin Valley of California, by the Chukchansi band of Yokuts. As of 2011, there were eight native semi-speakers. [1]
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The Wukchumni spoke traditionally a dialect of the Tule-Kaweah Yokuts language, also called Wukchumni. Marie Wilcox, born 1933, was the last native speaker of Wukchumni. She died October 7, 2021. [3] In the early 2000s, she and her daughter Jennifer Malone aimed to create a Wukchumni dictionary.
Today, there are nine Southern California reservations that are acknowledged homes to bands of Cahuilla. These are in Imperial, Riverside, and San Diego Counties and are the territory of federally recognized tribes. John Tortes "Chief" Meyers was a catcher in major league baseball. The Cahuilla bands (sometimes called "villages") are: