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In the United States, a national bank is an ordinary private bank operating within the federal government's regulatory structure, which usually but not always operates in multiple U.S. states, [1] and is under the supervision of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. [2]
The National Bank Act of 1863, also known as the National Currency Act of 1863, was passed on February 25, 1863, and was the first attempt to establish a federal banking system after the failures of the First and Second Banks of the United States, and served as the predecessor to the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.
A national bank is a bank that is nationally or federally chartered and is allowed to operate throughout the country in any state. An advantage of holding a National Bank Act charter is that a national bank is not subject to state usury laws intended to prevent predatory lending. [16] (However, see also Cuomo v.
National bank (United States), a bank operating within the federal government's regulatory structure, including a list of U.S. banks with "National Bank" in their name National Banks in Meiji Japan , a system of organization of the Japanese banking system created in the 1870s
A central bank, reserve bank, national bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the currency and monetary policy of a country or monetary union. [1]
For example, a national bank generally must limit its total outstanding loans and credits to any single borrower to no more than 15% of the bank's total capital and surplus. [15] [full citation needed] Some state banking regulations also contain similar lending limits applicable to state-chartered banks. [16]
The National Bank Act encouraged development of a national currency backed by bank holdings of U.S. Treasury securities. It established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency as part of the United States Department of the Treasury, authorizing it to examine and regulate nationally chartered banks.
Usage of the term "state bank" varies in other countries. It is often a national bank of some type. In India, the State Bank of India is an Indian multinational public sector bank and financial services statutory body. [4] It is a defined type of bank in India known as a public sector bank, and the largest bank in India. [5]