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Spanish personal pronouns have distinct forms according to whether they stand for the subject or object, and third-person pronouns make an additional distinction for direct object or indirect object , and for reflexivity as well. Several pronouns also have special forms used after prepositions.
Similarly, the participle agrees with the subject when it is used with ser to form the "true" passive voice (e.g. La carta fue escrita ayer 'The letter was written [got written] yesterday.'), and also when it is used with estar to form a "passive of result", or stative passive (as in La carta ya está escrita 'The letter is already written.').
The second-person familiar plural is expressed in most of Spain with the pronoun vosotros and its characteristic verb forms (e.g., coméis 'you eat'), while in Latin American Spanish it merges with the formal second-person plural (e.g., ustedes comen). Thus, ustedes is used as both the formal and familiar second-person pronoun in Latin America.
These forms are used only in positive expressions, not negative ones. The subjunctive supplements the imperative in all other cases (negative expressions and the conjugations corresponding to the pronouns nosotros, él/ella, usted, ellos/ellas, and ustedes). The imperative can also be expressed in three other ways: [7]
Me la dejaron ver = "They let me see her" (la is the object of ver; Me dejaron verla is also acceptable) Te lo dejará hacer = "He/she will let you do it" (Te dejará hacerlo is also acceptable) Like Latin, Spanish makes use of double dative constructions, and thus up to two dative clitics can be used with a single verb. One must be the dative ...
The possessive for usted and ustedes is su(s) as for other third-person pronouns. The ambiguity that this causes (especially considering that su(s) already covers "his", "her", "its" and "their") can be alleviated by treating usted(es) as a noun and thereby saying la casa de ustedes instead of su casa.
In western Andalusia, ustedes is used in both contexts, but its verbs are conjugated in the second-person plural. Throughout the Americas and the Canaries, ustedes is used in all contexts and in the third person. In peninsular Spain, the use of usted/ustedes has been diminishing in recent decades and may disappear in the near future.
Stress mark not used in monosyllabic forms: liar > lie /lje/, lio /ljo/; ver > vi, vio. However, before 2010, the forms lié /liˈe/ and lió /liˈo/, fié and fió, guié and guió, and crié and crió could also be written with the accent mark by writers who pronounce these forms as bisyllabic. [1] But this option was not available for vio.