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A large number of Indian Standard (IS) codes are available that are meant for virtually every aspect of civil engineering one can think of. During one's professional life one normally uses only a handful of them depending on the nature of work they are involved in. Civil engineers engaged in construction activities of large projects usually have to refer to a good number of IS codes as such ...
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 456-2012 of 30 May 2012 amending Regulation (EC) No 1266-2007 on implementing rules for Council Directive 2000-75-EC as regards the control, monitoring, surveillance and restrictions on movements of certain animals of susceptible species in relation to bluetongue (Text with EEA relevance)
Where t is the solidification time, V is the volume of the casting, A is the surface area of the casting that contacts the mold, n is a constant, [clarification needed] and B is the mold constant. This relationship can be expressed more simply as: = Where the modulus M is the ratio of the casting's volume to its surface area:
Continuous casting, also called strand casting, is the process whereby molten metal is solidified into a "semifinished" billet, bloom, or slab for subsequent rolling in the finishing mills. Prior to the introduction of continuous casting in the 1950s, steel was poured into stationary molds to form ingots .
The slab is created directly by continuous casting or indirectly by rolling an ingot on a slabbing mill. [1] Slabs are usually further processed via flat rolling, skelping, and pipe rolling. Common final products include sheet metal, plates, strip metal, pipes, and tubes. [3] Slab are mainly produced through blast furnace route. One of the ...
Ceramic mold casting, also known ambiguously as ceramic molding, [1] is a group of metal casting processes that use ceramics as the mold material. It is a combination of plaster mold casting and investment casting. [2] [3] There are two types of ceramic mold casting: the Shaw process and the Unicast process. [4]
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel-reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner mud slabs may be used for exterior paving (see below). [1] [2]
A hot top, also known as a feeder head, [5] is a specialized riser, used to help counteract the formation of pipes when casting ingots. It is essentially a live open riser, with a hot ceramic liner instead of just the mold materials. It is inserted into the top of the ingot mould near the end of the pour, and the rest of the metal is then ...