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As more water flows down, the upward leg after the second low point fills up. This exerts a pressure on the trapped air from the water on either side. If there is more water pressure from the section after the trapped air, then a full air lock is formed, and the water level stops at the first high point and no further water can flow.
The trachea open through spiracles into this air film, allowing access to oxygen. In many such cases, when the insect dives into the water, it carries a layer of air over parts of its surface, and breathes using this trapped air bubble until it is depleted, then returns to the surface to repeat the process.
An air release valve on an elevated section of a large diameter lavender-colored pipe. A working system should not generate further trapped gas. Air may be drawn in if there is a small leak, or dissolved air in make-up water may come out of solution, but this generally indicates a system leak if new water is needing to be added.
Antibubbles made from sugar solution will then sink through the water and rest on top of the denser layer at the bottom. Antibubbles made this way can last for several minutes. The layers of an antibubble are water, which it is submerged in, air, and the water trapped in the air.
Another phenomenon, called cold air damming, results in a cold air mass being trapped, often on the eastern side of a mountain range, leading to cold air spilling southward.
This water in turn exerts additional pressure on the air bubble inside the diver; because the air inside the diver is compressible but the water is an incompressible fluid, the air's volume is decreased but the water's volume does not expand, such that the pressure external to the diver a) forces the water already in the diver further inward ...
A man trapped in a wrecked truck survived for days by filtering water from drainpipe and keeping warm under an air bag Christina Zdanowicz and Andy Rose, CNN December 29, 2023 at 3:33 PM
The intake is a trompe, which uses water flow to pump air to a separation chamber; air trapped in the chamber then drives an airlift pump. The top of the pipe that connects the upper reservoir to the air chamber is positioned just below the water surface. As the water drops down the pipe, air is sucked down with it.