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The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
When a salt of a metal ion, with the generic formula MX n, is dissolved in water, it will dissociate into a cation and anions. [citation needed]+ + (aq) signifies that the ion is aquated, with cations having a chemical formula [M(H 2 O) p] q+ and anions whose state of aquation is generally unknown.
The anions carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride and sulphate are on the left, while the cations potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium are on the right. The total ionic concentration adds up to the area of the background circle, the total anion concentration adds up to the left semicircle and the total cation concentration adds up to the right ...
Cations are positively (+) charged ions while anions are negatively (−) charged. This can be remembered with the help of the following mnemonics. Cats have paws ⇔ Cations are pawsitive. [27] Ca+ion: The letter t in cation looks like a + (plus) sign. [28] An anion is a negative ion. (An egative ion ⇒ Anion). [29]
The cations and anions are shown by separate ternary plots. The apexes of the cation plot are calcium, magnesium and sodium plus potassium cations. The apexes of the anion plot are sulfate, chloride and carbonate plus hydrogen carbonate anions. The two ternary plots are then projected onto a diamond. [3]
Cations are plotted in milliequivalents per liter on the left side of the zero axis, one to each horizontal axis, and anions are plotted on the right side. Stiff patterns are useful in making a rapid visual comparison between water from different sources. An alternative to the Stiff diagram is the Maucha diagram.
Cations and anions are measured by their ionic radius and they differ in relative size: "Cations are small, most of them less than 10 −10 m (10 −8 cm) in radius. But most anions are large, as is the most common Earth anion, oxygen .
Frenkel defects consist of a cation vacancy paired with a cation interstitial and can be generated anywhere in the bulk of the crystal, [54] occurring most commonly in compounds with a low coordination number and cations that are much smaller than the anions. [55]