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This is a chronology and timeline of the European colonization of the Americas, with founding dates of selected European settlements. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Pre–Columbus
A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna (1958), 736pp; a basic introduction, 1815–1955 online free to borrow; Baumgart, Winfried. Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880–1914 (1982) Betts, Raymond F. The False Dawn: European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (1975)
Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450 (3 vol. 2006) Hodge, Carl Cavanagh. Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914 (2 vol. 2007) Lehning, James. European Colonialism since 1700 (2013) Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present (1970 ...
Whereas Spanish colonialism was based on the religious conversion and exploitation of local populations via encomiendas (many Spaniards emigrated to the Americas to elevate their social status, and were not interested in manual labor), Northern European colonialism was bolstered by those emigrating for religious reasons (for example, the ...
30,000–11,000 B.C. – First native peoples enter North America from Asia via Beringia.; 11,000 B.C. – Disappearance of the land bridge between North America and Asia. 5000 B.C. – Beginning of agriculture in the Tehuacán Valley matorral.
Despite several significant transoceanic and transcontinental explorations by European civilizations in the preceding centuries, the precise geography of the Earth outside of Europe was largely unknown to Europeans before the 15th century, when technological advances (especially in sea travel) as well as the rise of colonialism, mercantilism ...
Portugal began establishing the first global trade network and one of the first colonial empires [6] [7] under the leadership of Henry the Navigator.The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories distributed across the globe (especially at one time in the 16th century) that are now parts of 60 different sovereign states.
Imperialism is the maintaining and extending of power over foreign nations, particularly through expansionism, employing both hard power (military and economic power) and soft power (diplomatic power and cultural imperialism). Imperialism focuses on establishing or maintaining hegemony and a more or less formal empire.