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In geometry, a family of curves is a set of curves, each of which is given by a function or parametrization in which one or more of the parameters is variable. In general, the parameter(s) influence the shape of the curve in a way that is more complicated than a simple linear transformation .
Visual proof of the Pythagorean identity: for any angle , the point (,) = (, ) lies on the unit circle, which satisfies the equation + =.Thus, + =. In mathematics, an identity is an equality relating one mathematical expression A to another mathematical expression B, such that A and B (which might contain some variables) produce the same value for all values of the variables ...
In the n-sphere we choose a base point a. For a space X with base point b, we define () to be the set of homotopy classes of maps : = that map the base point a to the base point b. In particular, the equivalence classes are given by homotopies that are constant on the basepoint of the sphere.
Generalizing the statement above, for a family of path connected spaces , the fundamental group () is the free product of the fundamental groups of the . [10] This fact is a special case of the Seifert–van Kampen theorem, which allows to compute, more generally, fundamental groups of spaces that are glued together from other spaces.
A left identity element that is also a right identity element if called an identity element. The empty set ∅ {\displaystyle \varnothing } is an identity element of binary union ∪ {\displaystyle \cup } and symmetric difference , {\displaystyle \triangle ,} and it is also a right identity element of set subtraction ∖ : {\displaystyle ...
The characteristic linear system of a family of curves on an algebraic surface Y for a curve C in the family is a linear system formed by the curves in the family that are infinitely near C. [ 4 ] In modern terms, it is a subsystem of the linear system associated to the normal bundle to C ↪ Y {\displaystyle C\hookrightarrow Y} .
The name stems from the graphical representation of the identity on Pascal's triangle: when the addends represented in the summation and the sum itself are highlighted, the shape revealed is vaguely reminiscent of those objects (see hockey stick, Christmas stocking).
Trigonometry is known for its many identities. These trigonometric identities [5] are commonly used for rewriting trigonometrical expressions with the aim to simplify an expression, to find a more useful form of an expression, or to solve an equation. [6]