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In untreated hyperglycemia, a condition called ketoacidosis may develop because decreased insulin levels increase the activity of hormone sensitive lipase. [21] The degradation of triacylglycerides by hormone-sensitive lipase produces free fatty acids that are eventually converted to acetyl-coA by beta-oxidation.
Hyperglycemia alters lung dendritic cell function, leading to an increase in susceptibility to respiratory agents. [44] Several studies also show diabetes associated with a worse disease course and slower recovery from respiratory infections. [45] Increased risk of wound infections; Restrictive lung disease is known to be associated with diabetes.
High sodium consumption (5 g or more of salt per day) and insufficient potassium intake (less than 3.5 grams (0.12 oz) per day) have been linked to high blood pressure and increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. [6] [7] As an essential nutrient, sodium is involved in numerous cellular and organ functions. Several national ...
The sodium–potassium pump, a critical enzyme for regulating sodium and potassium levels in cells. Sodium ions (Na +) are necessary in small amounts for some types of plants, [1] but sodium as a nutrient is more generally needed in larger amounts [1] by animals, due to their use of it for generation of nerve impulses and for maintenance of electrolyte balance and fluid balance.
SLC5A4, also known as SGLT3, is a member of the sodium-glucose cotransporter family. Unlike SGLT1 and SGLT2, which are efficient glucose transporters, SGLT3 functions primarily as a glucose sensor rather than a transporter. It has a low affinity for glucose and does not significantly contribute to glucose transport across cell membranes.
In those with severe disease an increase in sodium of about 5 mmol/L over one to four hours is recommended. [12] A rapid rise in serum sodium is anticipated in certain groups when the cause of the hyponatremia is addressed thus warranting closer monitoring in order to avoid overly rapid correction of the blood sodium concentration.
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