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The new public health (2014): 1-42 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-415766-8.00001-X. . Warner, J.H. and J.A. Tighe, eds. Major Problems in the History of American Medicine and Public Health (2001). Ward, John W. and Christian Warren, eds. Silent Victories: The history and practice of public health in Twentieth Century America (Oxford UP, 2007) online
In the United States, a "mental hygiene" movement, originally defined in the 19th century, gained momentum and aimed to "prevent the disease of insanity" through public health methods and clinics. [72] The term mental health became more popular, however. Clinical psychology and social work developed as professions alongside psychiatry.
The modern era of providing care for the mentally ill began in the early 19th century with a large state-led effort. Public mental asylums were established in Britain after the passing of the 1808 County Asylums Act. This empowered magistrates to build rate-supported asylums in every county to house the many 'pauper lunatics'.
Figures of insanity (e.g. vagabonds, libertines, the "mad") have, at least since the 18th century, often represented an image of darkness and threat to society, as later would "the psychopath" – a mixture of concepts of dangerousness, evil and illness. [6]
Melancholia and melancholy had been used interchangeably until the 19th century, but the former came to refer to a pathological condition and the latter to a temperament. [3] The term depression was derived from the Latin verb deprimere, "to press down". [12] From the 14th century, "to depress" meant to subjugate or to bring down in spirits.
However, the hope that mental illness could be ameliorated through treatment during the mid-19th century was disappointed. [52] Instead, psychiatrists were pressured by an ever-increasing patient population. [52] The average number of patients in asylums in the United States jumped 927%. [52] Numbers were similar in Britain and Germany. [52]
John Perdue Gray (August 6, 1825, Halfmoon Township (Pennsylvania) - November 29, 1886, Utica, New York) was an American psychiatrist at the forefront of biological psychiatric theory during the 19th century.
In the 19th century, one could have ones head examined, literally, using phrenology, the study of the shape of the skull developed by respected anatomist Franz Joseph Gall. Other popular treatments included physiognomy —the study of the shape of the face—and mesmerism , developed by Franz Anton Mesmer —designed to relieve psychological ...