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For example, the urine concentration in humans can be as concentrated as 1400 mOsm which is limited by the length of our loop of Henle, i.e., 2.2 mm. While a camel's loop of Henle, which is around 4.1 mm, can reach 2800 mOsm. Another example is the Australian mouse whose loop of Henle, 5.2 mm, can make the medulla as salty as 9000 mOsm. [7]
Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.
The nephrons of avian species can not produce urine that is hyperosmotic to the blood, but the loop of Henle utilises countercurrent multiplication which allows it to become hyperosmotic in the collecting duct. This alternation of permeability between different sections of the ascending and descending loop allows for urine osmotic pressure to ...
The medulla is divided into outer and inner regions. The outer region consists of short loops of Henle and collecting ducts, and the inner region consists of long loops of Henle and collecting ducts. [28] After passing through the loop of Henle, the fluid becomes hypertonic relative to the blood plasma. [78] The renal portal system is absent in ...
Pump: The Na + /K + /2Cl − transporter in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle helps to create a gradient by shifting Na + into the medullary interstitium. The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is the only part of the nephron lacking in aquaporin—a common transporter protein for water channels.
Thin descending loop of Henle: H 2 O: Reabsorbs via medullary hypertonicity and makes urine hypertonic. Thick ascending loop of Henle: Na + (10–20%), K +, Cl −; indirectly induces para cellular reabsorption of Mg 2+, Ca 2+ This region is impermeable to H 2 O and the urine becomes less concentrated as it ascends. Early distal convoluted ...
A key function of the Loop of Henle is to provide a large distance over which ions are transported out of the nephrons and since water will follow the transport of ions out of the nephrons, the Loop of Henle is an important structure to insure minimal water lose out the ureters. Since not all nephrons of aves have the Loop of Henle, a bird's ...
After passing through the loop of Henle, the fluid becomes hypertonic relative to the blood plasma. [139] Mammalian kidneys combine nephrons with short and long loops of Henle. [140] The ability to concentrate urine is determined mainly by the structure of the medulla and the length of the loops of Henle. [141]