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Major domestic pollutants contain 17% of carbon dioxide, 13% of carbon monoxide, 6% of nitrogen monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and fine and ultrafine particles. [16] In the United Kingdom domestic combustion is the largest single source of PM2.5 annually.
On the other hand, Omaha, Nebraska is performing the best and has a decrease of −1.1 μg/m 3 in PM 2.5 levels. The cleanest city in this report is Zürich, Switzerland with PM 2.5 levels of just 0.5 μg/m 3, placed first in both 2019 and 2022. The second cleanest city is Perth, with 1.7 μg/m 3 and PM 2.5 levels dropping by −6.2 μg/m 3 since
The World Health Organization's recommended limit is 5 micrograms per cubic meter, although there are also various national guideline values, which are often much higher. Air pollution is among the biggest health problems of modern industrial society and is responsible for more than 10 percent of all deaths worldwide (nearly 4.5 million ...
Mothers who were exposed to PM2.5 weekly during gestation, were likely to have a child diagnosed with asthma by the age 6 years. Many of the mothers exposed to PM2.5 were ethnic minorities (54% Hispanic, 30% black), had 12 or fewer years of education (66%), and did not smoke in pregnancy (80%). [29]
[5] [6] It is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and lung cancer. [7] [6] It is the fourth-largest risk factor overall for human health [8] as 99% of people are exposed to harmful levels of air pollution. [9]
Below is a list of 526 cities sorted by their annual mean concentration of PM2.5 (μg/m 3) in 2022. [1] [2] By default the least polluted cities which have fewest particulates in the air come first.
The burning of fossil fuels is a major source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which has negative effects on cardiovascular and lung health. Therefore, transitioning away from fossil fuel burning for transport, heating, and electricity production can have health benefits.
0.5 ppm (1,300 μg/m 3) 3-hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year 40 CFR 50.5: Particulate matter (PM 10) Primary and Secondary 150 μg/m 3: 24-hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years 40 CFR 50.6: Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) Primary 9.0 μg/m 3 (12 μg/m 3 prior to May 6, 2024) [25] annual