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Deep and superficial vein thrombosis may in turn be caused by thrombophilia, which is an increased propensity of forming blood clots. [ citation needed ] Arteriovenous fistula (an abnormal connection or passageway between an artery and a vein) may cause chronic venous insufficiency even with working vein valves.
The diagnosis of branch retinal vein occlusion is made clinically by finding retinal hemorrhages in the distribution of an obstructed retinal vein. Fluorescein angiography is a helpful adjunct. Findings include delayed venous filling, hypofluorescence caused by hemorrhage and capillary nonperfusion, dilation and tortuosity of veins, leakage due ...
The reversed blood pools in the low third of legs and feet. [17] Unlike in the arterial ultrasound study, when the sonographer studies venous insufficiency, the vein wall itself has no relevance and attention is focused on the direction of blood flow. The objective of the examination is to see how the veins drain.
Cotton wool spots are commonly caused by changes to the retina secondary to diabetes, hypertension, or blockages to blood vessels to the retina, such as central retinal vein occlusion. [ 5 ] [ 8 ] While at one point believed to have been the result of nerve damage in the retina, interruptions to axoplasmic flow to these nerves may result from ...
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, cavernous sinus thrombosis and jugular vein thrombosis: thrombosis of the veins of the brain and head; Central retinal vein occlusion and branch retinal vein occlusion: despite the name these conditions have much more in common with arterial thrombosis and are not treated with anticoagulants
The central retinal vein is the venous equivalent of the central retinal artery and both may become occluded. [1] Since the central retinal artery and vein are the sole source of blood supply and drainage for the retina , such occlusion can lead to severe damage to the retina and blindness, due to ischemia (restriction in blood supply) and ...