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The golden ratio has been used to analyze the proportions of natural objects and artificial systems such as financial markets, in some cases based on dubious fits to data. [8] The golden ratio appears in some patterns in nature, including the spiral arrangement of leaves and other parts of vegetation.
For example, when leaves alternate up a stem, one rotation of the spiral touches two leaves, so the pattern or ratio is 1/2. In hazel the ratio is 1/3; in apricot it is 2/5; in pear it is 3/8; in almond it is 5/13. [ 56 ]
The golden spiral is a logarithmic spiral that grows outward by a factor of the golden ratio for every 90 degrees of rotation (pitch angle about 17.03239 degrees). It can be approximated by a "Fibonacci spiral", made of a sequence of quarter circles with radii proportional to Fibonacci numbers .
For example, claims have been made about golden ratio proportions in Egyptian, Sumerian and Greek vases, Chinese pottery, Olmec sculptures, and Cretan and Mycenaean products from the late Bronze Age. These predate by some 1,000 years the Greek mathematicians first known to have studied the golden ratio.
In 1754, Charles Bonnet observed that the spiral phyllotaxis of plants were frequently expressed in both clockwise and counter-clockwise golden ratio series. [12] Mathematical observations of phyllotaxis followed with Karl Friedrich Schimper and his friend Alexander Braun 's 1830 and 1830 work, respectively; Auguste Bravais and his brother ...
A Penrose tiling is an example of an aperiodic ... any sufficiently large P2 Penrose tiling pattern therefore approximates to the golden ratio ... Nature. 436 (7049 ...
For example, someone earning $60,000 a year has a monthly gross income of $2,500. ... The golden ratio budget echoes the more widely known 50-30-20 budget that recommends spending 50% of your ...
Since the conversion factor 1.609344 for miles to kilometers is close to the golden ratio, the decomposition of distance in miles into a sum of Fibonacci numbers becomes nearly the kilometer sum when the Fibonacci numbers are replaced by their successors. This method amounts to a radix 2 number register in golden ratio base φ being shifted. To ...